Growth in the stock of knowledge has been the most important factor behind the dramatic rise in living standards in the United States and other countries over the past 100 years. Systematic efforts made by firms, universities, governments, and other organizations to increase the stock of knowledge are referred to as research and development (R&D). The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the entire system of R&D in the United States—or as it is sometimes called, the national innovation system. Special emphasis will be placed on basic research. This is the component of R&D that is most likely to be underprovided by the private sector and the one that figures most prominently in public policy toward science and technology. The report also emphasizes the role of universities that, in the United States, perform the lion’s share of basic research.

The report provides a variety of basic statistical indicators of R&D effort and identifies recent trends in sources of R&D funding. The report also reviews classic arguments on the appropriate role of government in supporting R&D and the strengths and weaknesses of universities as performers of R&D. The U.S. national innovation system is compared with those in other major industrialized countries.

This paper provides a review of studies that examine the extent to which university research promotes local economic growth and development. The primary focus of the paper is on economic impacts that derive from the innovative outputs of faculty. this paper evaluates Arizona State University and the Phoenix metropolitan area in terms of factors that enhance the local economic impact of university research. The potential for local impacts from ASU’s research and graduate programs is greatly aided by the fact that ASU is located in a major metropolitan area with a climate and other natural amenities that mobile professional workers find attractive.

This report presents a U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Community Outreach Partnership Center (COPC) grant that enabled Arizona State University (ASU) to form a partnership where ASU applied university research and expertise to some of Phoenix's most difficult urban problems. COPC activities were designed to address needs identified by the community in the areas of economic development, community organizing and planning, and education and work-force development. The text outlines the origins and purpose of COPC, how the COPC team was assembled, and how the foundation for COPC work was laid. It shares details on project implementation, describing the use of expanded community outreach, the application of research, and the publication of research reports and findings. The lessons learned, collaboration and partnership building, and disseminating results are also provided. On balance, the ASU COPC community feedback was positive and affirming. It is suggested that if outreach and applied scholarship are to become integrally woven into the fabric of university practice, institutional endorsement must be explicit. Five appendices provide information on ASU COPC, feedback from community partners, and information on student community service.