There are many factors that affect the durability of Portland cement concrete (PCC), including the mix design and the materials used, the quality of construction, and the environment. Durability is not an intrinsic property of the concrete, but instead is related to how the material interacts with the environment. Durability-related deterioration is referred to as materials-related distress (MRD). Common MRDs include those caused by physical processes, such as freezing and thawing, or chemical processes, such as alkali-silica reactivity (ASR) and sulfate attack. This research project was undertaken to determine whether concrete used in the ADOT system is experiencing, or is potentially susceptible to, ASR or sulfate attack, and if so, to what degree.

Studied modern pollen rain/vegetation pattern relationships through discriminant functions analysis in Mammoth Cave National Park, KY, and archaeological-context pollen records from local Middle Woodland and Late Woodland sites. Concludes that analysis of this sort identifies control data for interpreting archaeological pollen records in terms of paleovegetation and paleoecological patterns.

Modern, Early Woodland, Middle Woodland